Load scripts: loads libraries and useful scripts used in the analyses; all .R files contained in scripts at the root of the factory are automatically loaded
Load data: imports datasets, and may contain some ad hoc changes to the data such as specific data cleaning (not used in other reports), new variables used in the analyses, etc.
library(reportfactory)
library(here)
library(rio)
library(tidyverse)
library(incidence)
library(distcrete)
library(epitrix)
library(earlyR)
library(projections)
library(linelist)
library(remotes)
library(janitor)
library(kableExtra)
library(DT)
library(cyphr)
library(chngpt)
library(lubridate)
library(ggpubr)
library(ggnewscale)These scripts will load:
.R files inside /scripts/.R files inside /src/These scripts also contain routines to access the latest clean encrypted data (see next section).
We import the latest NHS pathways data:
x <- import_pathways() %>%
as_tibble()
x
## [90m# A tibble: 186,035 x 11[39m
## site_type date sex age ccg_code ccg_name count postcode nhs_region
## [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<date>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<int>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m [3m[90m<chr>[39m[23m
## [90m 1[39m 111 2020-03-18 fema… miss… e380000… nhs_glo… 1 gl34fe South West
## [90m 2[39m 111 2020-03-18 fema… miss… e380001… nhs_sou… 1 ne325nn North Eas…
## [90m 3[39m 111 2020-03-18 fema… 0-18 e380000… nhs_air… 8 bd57jr North Eas…
## [90m 4[39m 111 2020-03-18 fema… 0-18 e380000… nhs_ash… 7 tn254ab South East
## [90m 5[39m 111 2020-03-18 fema… 0-18 e380000… nhs_bar… 35 rm13ae London
## [90m 6[39m 111 2020-03-18 fema… 0-18 e380000… nhs_bar… 9 n111np London
## [90m 7[39m 111 2020-03-18 fema… 0-18 e380000… nhs_bar… 11 s752py North Eas…
## [90m 8[39m 111 2020-03-18 fema… 0-18 e380000… nhs_bas… 19 ss143hg East of E…
## [90m 9[39m 111 2020-03-18 fema… 0-18 e380000… nhs_bas… 6 dn227xf North Eas…
## [90m10[39m 111 2020-03-18 fema… 0-18 e380000… nhs_bat… 9 ba25rp South West
## [90m# … with 186,025 more rows, and 2 more variables: day [3m[90m<int>[90m[23m, weekday [3m[90m<fct>[90m[23m[39mWe also import demographics data for NHS regions in England, used later in our analysis:
path <- here::here("data", "csv", "nhs_region_population_2018.csv")
nhs_region_pop <- rio::import(path) %>%
mutate(nhs_region = str_to_title(gsub("_"," ",nhs_region)))
nhs_region_pop$nhs_region <- gsub(" Of ", " of ", nhs_region_pop$nhs_region)
nhs_region_pop$nhs_region <- gsub(" And ", " and ", nhs_region_pop$nhs_region)
nhs_region_pop
## nhs_region variable value
## 1 North West 0-18 0.22538599
## 2 North East and Yorkshire 0-18 0.21876449
## 3 Midlands 0-18 0.22564656
## 4 East of England 0-18 0.22810783
## 5 London 0-18 0.23764782
## 6 South East 0-18 0.22458811
## 7 South West 0-18 0.20799797
## 8 North West 19-69 0.64274078
## 9 North East and Yorkshire 19-69 0.64437753
## 10 Midlands 19-69 0.63876675
## 11 East of England 19-69 0.63034229
## 12 London 19-69 0.67820084
## 13 South East 19-69 0.63267336
## 14 South West 19-69 0.63176131
## 15 North West 70-120 0.13187323
## 16 North East and Yorkshire 70-120 0.13685797
## 17 Midlands 70-120 0.13558669
## 18 East of England 70-120 0.14154988
## 19 London 70-120 0.08415135
## 20 South East 70-120 0.14273853
## 21 South West 70-120 0.16024072Finally, we import publically available deaths per NHS region:
dth <- import_deaths() %>%
mutate(nhs_region = str_to_title(gsub("_"," ",nhs_region)))
#truncation to account for reporting delay
delay_max <- 21
dth$nhs_region <- gsub(" Of ", " of ", dth$nhs_region)
dth$nhs_region <- gsub(" And ", " and ", dth$nhs_region)
dth
## date_report nhs_region deaths
## 1 2020-03-01 East of England 0
## 2 2020-03-02 East of England 1
## 3 2020-03-03 East of England 0
## 4 2020-03-04 East of England 0
## 5 2020-03-05 East of England 0
## 6 2020-03-06 East of England 1
## 7 2020-03-07 East of England 0
## 8 2020-03-08 East of England 0
## 9 2020-03-09 East of England 1
## 10 2020-03-10 East of England 0
## 11 2020-03-11 East of England 0
## 12 2020-03-12 East of England 0
## 13 2020-03-13 East of England 1
## 14 2020-03-14 East of England 2
## 15 2020-03-15 East of England 2
## 16 2020-03-16 East of England 1
## 17 2020-03-17 East of England 1
## 18 2020-03-18 East of England 5
## 19 2020-03-19 East of England 4
## 20 2020-03-20 East of England 2
## 21 2020-03-21 East of England 11
## 22 2020-03-22 East of England 12
## 23 2020-03-23 East of England 11
## 24 2020-03-24 East of England 19
## 25 2020-03-25 East of England 26
## 26 2020-03-26 East of England 36
## 27 2020-03-27 East of England 38
## 28 2020-03-28 East of England 28
## 29 2020-03-29 East of England 43
## 30 2020-03-30 East of England 45
## 31 2020-03-31 East of England 70
## 32 2020-04-01 East of England 62
## 33 2020-04-02 East of England 65
## 34 2020-04-03 East of England 80
## 35 2020-04-04 East of England 71
## 36 2020-04-05 East of England 76
## 37 2020-04-06 East of England 71
## 38 2020-04-07 East of England 93
## 39 2020-04-08 East of England 111
## 40 2020-04-09 East of England 87
## 41 2020-04-10 East of England 74
## 42 2020-04-11 East of England 92
## 43 2020-04-12 East of England 100
## 44 2020-04-13 East of England 78
## 45 2020-04-14 East of England 61
## 46 2020-04-15 East of England 82
## 47 2020-04-16 East of England 74
## 48 2020-04-17 East of England 86
## 49 2020-04-18 East of England 64
## 50 2020-04-19 East of England 67
## 51 2020-04-20 East of England 67
## 52 2020-04-21 East of England 75
## 53 2020-04-22 East of England 67
## 54 2020-04-23 East of England 49
## 55 2020-04-24 East of England 66
## 56 2020-04-25 East of England 54
## 57 2020-04-26 East of England 48
## 58 2020-04-27 East of England 46
## 59 2020-04-28 East of England 58
## 60 2020-04-29 East of England 32
## 61 2020-04-30 East of England 45
## 62 2020-05-01 East of England 49
## 63 2020-05-02 East of England 29
## 64 2020-05-03 East of England 41
## 65 2020-05-04 East of England 19
## 66 2020-05-05 East of England 36
## 67 2020-05-06 East of England 31
## 68 2020-05-07 East of England 33
## 69 2020-05-08 East of England 33
## 70 2020-05-09 East of England 29
## 71 2020-05-10 East of England 22
## 72 2020-05-11 East of England 18
## 73 2020-05-12 East of England 21
## 74 2020-05-13 East of England 27
## 75 2020-05-14 East of England 26
## 76 2020-05-15 East of England 19
## 77 2020-05-16 East of England 26
## 78 2020-05-17 East of England 17
## 79 2020-05-18 East of England 25
## 80 2020-05-19 East of England 15
## 81 2020-05-20 East of England 26
## 82 2020-05-21 East of England 21
## 83 2020-05-22 East of England 13
## 84 2020-05-23 East of England 12
## 85 2020-05-24 East of England 17
## 86 2020-05-25 East of England 25
## 87 2020-05-26 East of England 14
## 88 2020-05-27 East of England 12
## 89 2020-05-28 East of England 17
## 90 2020-05-29 East of England 16
## 91 2020-05-30 East of England 9
## 92 2020-05-31 East of England 8
## 93 2020-06-01 East of England 17
## 94 2020-06-02 East of England 14
## 95 2020-06-03 East of England 10
## 96 2020-06-04 East of England 7
## 97 2020-06-05 East of England 14
## 98 2020-06-06 East of England 5
## 99 2020-06-07 East of England 9
## 100 2020-06-08 East of England 7
## 101 2020-06-09 East of England 6
## 102 2020-06-10 East of England 8
## 103 2020-06-11 East of England 1
## 104 2020-06-12 East of England 9
## 105 2020-06-13 East of England 5
## 106 2020-06-14 East of England 4
## 107 2020-06-15 East of England 8
## 108 2020-06-16 East of England 3
## 109 2020-06-17 East of England 7
## 110 2020-06-18 East of England 4
## 111 2020-06-19 East of England 7
## 112 2020-06-20 East of England 4
## 113 2020-06-21 East of England 3
## 114 2020-06-22 East of England 6
## 115 2020-06-23 East of England 5
## 116 2020-06-24 East of England 4
## 117 2020-06-25 East of England 1
## 118 2020-06-26 East of England 5
## 119 2020-06-27 East of England 6
## 120 2020-06-28 East of England 8
## 121 2020-06-29 East of England 4
## 122 2020-06-30 East of England 5
## 123 2020-07-01 East of England 2
## 124 2020-07-02 East of England 5
## 125 2020-07-03 East of England 0
## 126 2020-07-04 East of England 3
## 127 2020-07-05 East of England 1
## 128 2020-07-06 East of England 2
## 129 2020-07-07 East of England 2
## 130 2020-07-08 East of England 0
## 131 2020-07-09 East of England 8
## 132 2020-07-10 East of England 4
## 133 2020-07-11 East of England 2
## 134 2020-07-12 East of England 1
## 135 2020-07-13 East of England 7
## 136 2020-07-14 East of England 2
## 137 2020-07-15 East of England 0
## 138 2020-07-16 East of England 0
## 139 2020-07-17 East of England 0
## 140 2020-07-18 East of England 0
## 141 2020-07-19 East of England 1
## 142 2020-07-20 East of England 1
## 143 2020-07-21 East of England 0
## 144 2020-07-22 East of England 0
## 145 2020-07-23 East of England 0
## 146 2020-07-24 East of England 0
## 147 2020-03-01 London 0
## 148 2020-03-02 London 0
## 149 2020-03-03 London 0
## 150 2020-03-04 London 0
## 151 2020-03-05 London 0
## 152 2020-03-06 London 1
## 153 2020-03-07 London 0
## 154 2020-03-08 London 0
## 155 2020-03-09 London 1
## 156 2020-03-10 London 0
## 157 2020-03-11 London 5
## 158 2020-03-12 London 6
## 159 2020-03-13 London 10
## 160 2020-03-14 London 13
## 161 2020-03-15 London 9
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## 165 2020-03-19 London 25
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## 167 2020-03-21 London 49
## 168 2020-03-22 London 54
## 169 2020-03-23 London 63
## 170 2020-03-24 London 86
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## 172 2020-03-26 London 129
## 173 2020-03-27 London 129
## 174 2020-03-28 London 122
## 175 2020-03-29 London 145
## 176 2020-03-30 London 149
## 177 2020-03-31 London 181
## 178 2020-04-01 London 202
## 179 2020-04-02 London 191
## 180 2020-04-03 London 197
## 181 2020-04-04 London 230
## 182 2020-04-05 London 195
## 183 2020-04-06 London 197
## 184 2020-04-07 London 220
## 185 2020-04-08 London 238
## 186 2020-04-09 London 206
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## 188 2020-04-11 London 178
## 189 2020-04-12 London 158
## 190 2020-04-13 London 166
## 191 2020-04-14 London 143
## 192 2020-04-15 London 142
## 193 2020-04-16 London 140
## 194 2020-04-17 London 100
## 195 2020-04-18 London 101
## 196 2020-04-19 London 103
## 197 2020-04-20 London 95
## 198 2020-04-21 London 94
## 199 2020-04-22 London 109
## 200 2020-04-23 London 77
## 201 2020-04-24 London 71
## 202 2020-04-25 London 58
## 203 2020-04-26 London 53
## 204 2020-04-27 London 51
## 205 2020-04-28 London 44
## 206 2020-04-29 London 45
## 207 2020-04-30 London 40
## 208 2020-05-01 London 41
## 209 2020-05-02 London 41
## 210 2020-05-03 London 36
## 211 2020-05-04 London 30
## 212 2020-05-05 London 25
## 213 2020-05-06 London 37
## 214 2020-05-07 London 37
## 215 2020-05-08 London 30
## 216 2020-05-09 London 23
## 217 2020-05-10 London 26
## 218 2020-05-11 London 18
## 219 2020-05-12 London 18
## 220 2020-05-13 London 17
## 221 2020-05-14 London 20
## 222 2020-05-15 London 18
## 223 2020-05-16 London 14
## 224 2020-05-17 London 15
## 225 2020-05-18 London 11
## 226 2020-05-19 London 14
## 227 2020-05-20 London 19
## 228 2020-05-21 London 12
## 229 2020-05-22 London 10
## 230 2020-05-23 London 6
## 231 2020-05-24 London 7
## 232 2020-05-25 London 9
## 233 2020-05-26 London 14
## 234 2020-05-27 London 7
## 235 2020-05-28 London 8
## 236 2020-05-29 London 7
## 237 2020-05-30 London 12
## 238 2020-05-31 London 6
## 239 2020-06-01 London 10
## 240 2020-06-02 London 8
## 241 2020-06-03 London 6
## 242 2020-06-04 London 8
## 243 2020-06-05 London 4
## 244 2020-06-06 London 0
## 245 2020-06-07 London 5
## 246 2020-06-08 London 5
## 247 2020-06-09 London 5
## 248 2020-06-10 London 8
## 249 2020-06-11 London 5
## 250 2020-06-12 London 3
## 251 2020-06-13 London 3
## 252 2020-06-14 London 3
## 253 2020-06-15 London 1
## 254 2020-06-16 London 2
## 255 2020-06-17 London 1
## 256 2020-06-18 London 2
## 257 2020-06-19 London 5
## 258 2020-06-20 London 3
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## 260 2020-06-22 London 2
## 261 2020-06-23 London 1
## 262 2020-06-24 London 4
## 263 2020-06-25 London 3
## 264 2020-06-26 London 2
## 265 2020-06-27 London 1
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## 291 2020-07-23 London 2
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## 294 2020-03-02 Midlands 0
## 295 2020-03-03 Midlands 1
## 296 2020-03-04 Midlands 0
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## 298 2020-03-06 Midlands 0
## 299 2020-03-07 Midlands 0
## 300 2020-03-08 Midlands 2
## 301 2020-03-09 Midlands 1
## 302 2020-03-10 Midlands 0
## 303 2020-03-11 Midlands 2
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## 305 2020-03-13 Midlands 5
## 306 2020-03-14 Midlands 4
## 307 2020-03-15 Midlands 5
## 308 2020-03-16 Midlands 11
## 309 2020-03-17 Midlands 8
## 310 2020-03-18 Midlands 13
## 311 2020-03-19 Midlands 8
## 312 2020-03-20 Midlands 28
## 313 2020-03-21 Midlands 13
## 314 2020-03-22 Midlands 31
## 315 2020-03-23 Midlands 33
## 316 2020-03-24 Midlands 41
## 317 2020-03-25 Midlands 48
## 318 2020-03-26 Midlands 64
## 319 2020-03-27 Midlands 72
## 320 2020-03-28 Midlands 89
## 321 2020-03-29 Midlands 92
## 322 2020-03-30 Midlands 90
## 323 2020-03-31 Midlands 123
## 324 2020-04-01 Midlands 140
## 325 2020-04-02 Midlands 142
## 326 2020-04-03 Midlands 124
## 327 2020-04-04 Midlands 151
## 328 2020-04-05 Midlands 164
## 329 2020-04-06 Midlands 140
## 330 2020-04-07 Midlands 123
## 331 2020-04-08 Midlands 186
## 332 2020-04-09 Midlands 139
## 333 2020-04-10 Midlands 127
## 334 2020-04-11 Midlands 142
## 335 2020-04-12 Midlands 139
## 336 2020-04-13 Midlands 120
## 337 2020-04-14 Midlands 116
## 338 2020-04-15 Midlands 147
## 339 2020-04-16 Midlands 102
## 340 2020-04-17 Midlands 118
## 341 2020-04-18 Midlands 115
## 342 2020-04-19 Midlands 92
## 343 2020-04-20 Midlands 107
## 344 2020-04-21 Midlands 86
## 345 2020-04-22 Midlands 78
## 346 2020-04-23 Midlands 103
## 347 2020-04-24 Midlands 79
## 348 2020-04-25 Midlands 72
## 349 2020-04-26 Midlands 81
## 350 2020-04-27 Midlands 74
## 351 2020-04-28 Midlands 68
## 352 2020-04-29 Midlands 53
## 353 2020-04-30 Midlands 56
## 354 2020-05-01 Midlands 64
## 355 2020-05-02 Midlands 51
## 356 2020-05-03 Midlands 52
## 357 2020-05-04 Midlands 61
## 358 2020-05-05 Midlands 59
## 359 2020-05-06 Midlands 59
## 360 2020-05-07 Midlands 48
## 361 2020-05-08 Midlands 34
## 362 2020-05-09 Midlands 37
## 363 2020-05-10 Midlands 42
## 364 2020-05-11 Midlands 33
## 365 2020-05-12 Midlands 45
## 366 2020-05-13 Midlands 40
## 367 2020-05-14 Midlands 38
## 368 2020-05-15 Midlands 40
## 369 2020-05-16 Midlands 34
## 370 2020-05-17 Midlands 31
## 371 2020-05-18 Midlands 36
## 372 2020-05-19 Midlands 35
## 373 2020-05-20 Midlands 36
## 374 2020-05-21 Midlands 32
## 375 2020-05-22 Midlands 27
## 376 2020-05-23 Midlands 34
## 377 2020-05-24 Midlands 20
## 378 2020-05-25 Midlands 26
## 379 2020-05-26 Midlands 33
## 380 2020-05-27 Midlands 29
## 381 2020-05-28 Midlands 28
## 382 2020-05-29 Midlands 20
## 383 2020-05-30 Midlands 21
## 384 2020-05-31 Midlands 22
## 385 2020-06-01 Midlands 20
## 386 2020-06-02 Midlands 22
## 387 2020-06-03 Midlands 24
## 388 2020-06-04 Midlands 16
## 389 2020-06-05 Midlands 21
## 390 2020-06-06 Midlands 20
## 391 2020-06-07 Midlands 17
## 392 2020-06-08 Midlands 16
## 393 2020-06-09 Midlands 18
## 394 2020-06-10 Midlands 15
## 395 2020-06-11 Midlands 13
## 396 2020-06-12 Midlands 12
## 397 2020-06-13 Midlands 6
## 398 2020-06-14 Midlands 18
## 399 2020-06-15 Midlands 12
## 400 2020-06-16 Midlands 15
## 401 2020-06-17 Midlands 11
## 402 2020-06-18 Midlands 15
## 403 2020-06-19 Midlands 10
## 404 2020-06-20 Midlands 15
## 405 2020-06-21 Midlands 14
## 406 2020-06-22 Midlands 14
## 407 2020-06-23 Midlands 16
## 408 2020-06-24 Midlands 15
## 409 2020-06-25 Midlands 18
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## 411 2020-06-27 Midlands 5
## 412 2020-06-28 Midlands 7
## 413 2020-06-29 Midlands 6
## 414 2020-06-30 Midlands 6
## 415 2020-07-01 Midlands 7
## 416 2020-07-02 Midlands 9
## 417 2020-07-03 Midlands 3
## 418 2020-07-04 Midlands 4
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## 420 2020-07-06 Midlands 5
## 421 2020-07-07 Midlands 3
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## 423 2020-07-09 Midlands 8
## 424 2020-07-10 Midlands 3
## 425 2020-07-11 Midlands 0
## 426 2020-07-12 Midlands 5
## 427 2020-07-13 Midlands 1
## 428 2020-07-14 Midlands 1
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## 430 2020-07-16 Midlands 2
## 431 2020-07-17 Midlands 2
## 432 2020-07-18 Midlands 3
## 433 2020-07-19 Midlands 3
## 434 2020-07-20 Midlands 3
## 435 2020-07-21 Midlands 0
## 436 2020-07-22 Midlands 2
## 437 2020-07-23 Midlands 5
## 438 2020-07-24 Midlands 0
## 439 2020-03-01 North East and Yorkshire 0
## 440 2020-03-02 North East and Yorkshire 0
## 441 2020-03-03 North East and Yorkshire 0
## 442 2020-03-04 North East and Yorkshire 0
## 443 2020-03-05 North East and Yorkshire 0
## 444 2020-03-06 North East and Yorkshire 0
## 445 2020-03-07 North East and Yorkshire 0
## 446 2020-03-08 North East and Yorkshire 0
## 447 2020-03-09 North East and Yorkshire 0
## 448 2020-03-10 North East and Yorkshire 0
## 449 2020-03-11 North East and Yorkshire 0
## 450 2020-03-12 North East and Yorkshire 0
## 451 2020-03-13 North East and Yorkshire 0
## 452 2020-03-14 North East and Yorkshire 0
## 453 2020-03-15 North East and Yorkshire 2
## 454 2020-03-16 North East and Yorkshire 3
## 455 2020-03-17 North East and Yorkshire 1
## 456 2020-03-18 North East and Yorkshire 2
## 457 2020-03-19 North East and Yorkshire 6
## 458 2020-03-20 North East and Yorkshire 5
## 459 2020-03-21 North East and Yorkshire 6
## 460 2020-03-22 North East and Yorkshire 7
## 461 2020-03-23 North East and Yorkshire 9
## 462 2020-03-24 North East and Yorkshire 8
## 463 2020-03-25 North East and Yorkshire 18
## 464 2020-03-26 North East and Yorkshire 21
## 465 2020-03-27 North East and Yorkshire 28
## 466 2020-03-28 North East and Yorkshire 35
## 467 2020-03-29 North East and Yorkshire 38
## 468 2020-03-30 North East and Yorkshire 64
## 469 2020-03-31 North East and Yorkshire 60
## 470 2020-04-01 North East and Yorkshire 67
## 471 2020-04-02 North East and Yorkshire 75
## 472 2020-04-03 North East and Yorkshire 100
## 473 2020-04-04 North East and Yorkshire 105
## 474 2020-04-05 North East and Yorkshire 92
## 475 2020-04-06 North East and Yorkshire 96
## 476 2020-04-07 North East and Yorkshire 102
## 477 2020-04-08 North East and Yorkshire 107
## 478 2020-04-09 North East and Yorkshire 111
## 479 2020-04-10 North East and Yorkshire 117
## 480 2020-04-11 North East and Yorkshire 98
## 481 2020-04-12 North East and Yorkshire 84
## 482 2020-04-13 North East and Yorkshire 94
## 483 2020-04-14 North East and Yorkshire 107
## 484 2020-04-15 North East and Yorkshire 96
## 485 2020-04-16 North East and Yorkshire 103
## 486 2020-04-17 North East and Yorkshire 88
## 487 2020-04-18 North East and Yorkshire 95
## 488 2020-04-19 North East and Yorkshire 88
## 489 2020-04-20 North East and Yorkshire 100
## 490 2020-04-21 North East and Yorkshire 76
## 491 2020-04-22 North East and Yorkshire 84
## 492 2020-04-23 North East and Yorkshire 63
## 493 2020-04-24 North East and Yorkshire 72
## 494 2020-04-25 North East and Yorkshire 69
## 495 2020-04-26 North East and Yorkshire 65
## 496 2020-04-27 North East and Yorkshire 65
## 497 2020-04-28 North East and Yorkshire 57
## 498 2020-04-29 North East and Yorkshire 69
## 499 2020-04-30 North East and Yorkshire 57
## 500 2020-05-01 North East and Yorkshire 64
## 501 2020-05-02 North East and Yorkshire 48
## 502 2020-05-03 North East and Yorkshire 40
## 503 2020-05-04 North East and Yorkshire 49
## 504 2020-05-05 North East and Yorkshire 40
## 505 2020-05-06 North East and Yorkshire 51
## 506 2020-05-07 North East and Yorkshire 45
## 507 2020-05-08 North East and Yorkshire 42
## 508 2020-05-09 North East and Yorkshire 44
## 509 2020-05-10 North East and Yorkshire 40
## 510 2020-05-11 North East and Yorkshire 29
## 511 2020-05-12 North East and Yorkshire 27
## 512 2020-05-13 North East and Yorkshire 28
## 513 2020-05-14 North East and Yorkshire 31
## 514 2020-05-15 North East and Yorkshire 32
## 515 2020-05-16 North East and Yorkshire 35
## 516 2020-05-17 North East and Yorkshire 26
## 517 2020-05-18 North East and Yorkshire 30
## 518 2020-05-19 North East and Yorkshire 27
## 519 2020-05-20 North East and Yorkshire 22
## 520 2020-05-21 North East and Yorkshire 33
## 521 2020-05-22 North East and Yorkshire 22
## 522 2020-05-23 North East and Yorkshire 18
## 523 2020-05-24 North East and Yorkshire 26
## 524 2020-05-25 North East and Yorkshire 21
## 525 2020-05-26 North East and Yorkshire 21
## 526 2020-05-27 North East and Yorkshire 22
## 527 2020-05-28 North East and Yorkshire 21
## 528 2020-05-29 North East and Yorkshire 25
## 529 2020-05-30 North East and Yorkshire 20
## 530 2020-05-31 North East and Yorkshire 20
## 531 2020-06-01 North East and Yorkshire 17
## 532 2020-06-02 North East and Yorkshire 23
## 533 2020-06-03 North East and Yorkshire 23
## 534 2020-06-04 North East and Yorkshire 17
## 535 2020-06-05 North East and Yorkshire 18
## 536 2020-06-06 North East and Yorkshire 21
## 537 2020-06-07 North East and Yorkshire 14
## 538 2020-06-08 North East and Yorkshire 11
## 539 2020-06-09 North East and Yorkshire 12
## 540 2020-06-10 North East and Yorkshire 19
## 541 2020-06-11 North East and Yorkshire 7
## 542 2020-06-12 North East and Yorkshire 9
## 543 2020-06-13 North East and Yorkshire 10
## 544 2020-06-14 North East and Yorkshire 11
## 545 2020-06-15 North East and Yorkshire 9
## 546 2020-06-16 North East and Yorkshire 10
## 547 2020-06-17 North East and Yorkshire 9
## 548 2020-06-18 North East and Yorkshire 11
## 549 2020-06-19 North East and Yorkshire 6
## 550 2020-06-20 North East and Yorkshire 5
## 551 2020-06-21 North East and Yorkshire 4
## 552 2020-06-22 North East and Yorkshire 7
## 553 2020-06-23 North East and Yorkshire 7
## 554 2020-06-24 North East and Yorkshire 10
## 555 2020-06-25 North East and Yorkshire 4
## 556 2020-06-26 North East and Yorkshire 7
## 557 2020-06-27 North East and Yorkshire 3
## 558 2020-06-28 North East and Yorkshire 5
## 559 2020-06-29 North East and Yorkshire 2
## 560 2020-06-30 North East and Yorkshire 6
## 561 2020-07-01 North East and Yorkshire 1
## 562 2020-07-02 North East and Yorkshire 4
## 563 2020-07-03 North East and Yorkshire 4
## 564 2020-07-04 North East and Yorkshire 4
## 565 2020-07-05 North East and Yorkshire 2
## 566 2020-07-06 North East and Yorkshire 2
## 567 2020-07-07 North East and Yorkshire 3
## 568 2020-07-08 North East and Yorkshire 3
## 569 2020-07-09 North East and Yorkshire 0
## 570 2020-07-10 North East and Yorkshire 3
## 571 2020-07-11 North East and Yorkshire 1
## 572 2020-07-12 North East and Yorkshire 4
## 573 2020-07-13 North East and Yorkshire 1
## 574 2020-07-14 North East and Yorkshire 1
## 575 2020-07-15 North East and Yorkshire 2
## 576 2020-07-16 North East and Yorkshire 2
## 577 2020-07-17 North East and Yorkshire 1
## 578 2020-07-18 North East and Yorkshire 2
## 579 2020-07-19 North East and Yorkshire 2
## 580 2020-07-20 North East and Yorkshire 1
## 581 2020-07-21 North East and Yorkshire 1
## 582 2020-07-22 North East and Yorkshire 4
## 583 2020-07-23 North East and Yorkshire 0
## 584 2020-07-24 North East and Yorkshire 0
## 585 2020-03-01 North West 0
## 586 2020-03-02 North West 0
## 587 2020-03-03 North West 0
## 588 2020-03-04 North West 0
## 589 2020-03-05 North West 1
## 590 2020-03-06 North West 0
## 591 2020-03-07 North West 0
## 592 2020-03-08 North West 1
## 593 2020-03-09 North West 0
## 594 2020-03-10 North West 0
## 595 2020-03-11 North West 0
## 596 2020-03-12 North West 2
## 597 2020-03-13 North West 3
## 598 2020-03-14 North West 1
## 599 2020-03-15 North West 4
## 600 2020-03-16 North West 2
## 601 2020-03-17 North West 4
## 602 2020-03-18 North West 6
## 603 2020-03-19 North West 7
## 604 2020-03-20 North West 10
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## 606 2020-03-22 North West 13
## 607 2020-03-23 North West 15
## 608 2020-03-24 North West 21
## 609 2020-03-25 North West 21
## 610 2020-03-26 North West 29
## 611 2020-03-27 North West 36
## 612 2020-03-28 North West 28
## 613 2020-03-29 North West 46
## 614 2020-03-30 North West 67
## 615 2020-03-31 North West 52
## 616 2020-04-01 North West 86
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## 726 2020-07-20 North West 0
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## 966 2020-05-29 South West 7
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## 977 2020-06-09 South West 0
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## 995 2020-06-27 South West 0
## 996 2020-06-28 South West 0
## 997 2020-06-29 South West 1
## 998 2020-06-30 South West 0
## 999 2020-07-01 South West 0
## 1000 2020-07-02 South West 0
## 1001 2020-07-03 South West 0
## 1002 2020-07-04 South West 0
## 1003 2020-07-05 South West 1
## 1004 2020-07-06 South West 0
## 1005 2020-07-07 South West 0
## 1006 2020-07-08 South West 2
## 1007 2020-07-09 South West 0
## 1008 2020-07-10 South West 1
## 1009 2020-07-11 South West 0
## 1010 2020-07-12 South West 0
## 1011 2020-07-13 South West 1
## 1012 2020-07-14 South West 0
## 1013 2020-07-15 South West 0
## 1014 2020-07-16 South West 0
## 1015 2020-07-17 South West 1
## 1016 2020-07-18 South West 0
## 1017 2020-07-19 South West 0
## 1018 2020-07-20 South West 0
## 1019 2020-07-21 South West 0
## 1020 2020-07-22 South West 0
## 1021 2020-07-23 South West 0
## 1022 2020-07-24 South West 0We extract the completion date from the NHS Pathways file timestamp:
The completion date of the NHS Pathways data is Thursday 23 Jul 2020.
These are functions which will be used further in the analyses.
Function to estimate the generalised R-squared as the proportion of deviance explained by a given model:
## Function to calculate R2 for Poisson model
## not adjusted for model complexity but all models have the same DF here
Rsq <- function(x) {
1 - (x$deviance / x$null.deviance)
}Function to extract growth rates per region as well as halving times, and the associated 95% confidence intervals:
## function to extract the coefficients, find the level of the intercept,
## reconstruct the values of r, get confidence intervals
get_r <- function(model) {
## extract coefficients and conf int
out <- data.frame(r = coef(model)) %>%
rownames_to_column("var") %>%
cbind(confint(model)) %>%
filter(!grepl("day_of_week", var)) %>%
filter(grepl("day", var)) %>%
rename(lower_95 = "2.5 %",
upper_95 = "97.5 %") %>%
mutate(var = sub("day:", "", var))
## reconstruct values: intercept + region-coefficient
for (i in 2:nrow(out)) {
out[i, -1] <- out[1, -1] + out[i, -1]
}
## find the name of the intercept, restore regions names
out <- out %>%
mutate(nhs_region = model$xlevels$nhs_region) %>%
select(nhs_region, everything(), -var)
## find halving times
halving <- log(0.5) / out[,-1] %>%
rename(halving_t = r,
halving_t_lower_95 = lower_95,
halving_t_upper_95 = upper_95)
## set halving times with exclusion intervals to NA
no_halving <- out$lower_95 < 0 & out$upper_95 > 0
halving[no_halving, ] <- NA_real_
## return all data
cbind(out, halving)
}Functions used in the correlation analysis between NHS Pathways reports and deaths:
## Function to calculate Pearson's correlation between deaths and lagged
## reports. Note that `pearson` can be replaced with `spearman` for rank
## correlation.
getcor <- function(x, ndx) {
return(cor(x$deaths[ndx],
x$note_lag[ndx],
use = "complete.obs",
method = "pearson"))
}
## Catch if sample size throws an error
getcor2 <- possibly(getcor, otherwise = NA)
getboot <- function(x) {
result <- boot::boot.ci(boot::boot(x, getcor2, R = 1000),
type = "bca")
return(data.frame(n = sum(!is.na(x$note_lag) & !is.na(x$deaths)),
r = result$t0,
r_low = result$bca[4],
r_hi = result$bca[5]))
}Function to classify the day of the week into weekend, Monday, and the rest:
## Fn to add day of week
day_of_week <- function(df) {
df %>%
dplyr::mutate(day_of_week = lubridate::wday(date, label = TRUE)) %>%
dplyr::mutate(day_of_week = dplyr::case_when(
day_of_week %in% c("Sat", "Sun") ~ "weekend",
day_of_week %in% c("Mon") ~ "monday",
!(day_of_week %in% c("Sat", "Sun", "Mon")) ~ "rest_of_week"
) %>%
factor(levels = c("rest_of_week", "monday", "weekend")))
}Custom color palettes, color scales, and vectors of colors:
We look for temporal patterns in COVID-19 related 111/999 calls and 111 online reports. Analyses are broken down by NHS region. We also look for estimates of recent growth rate and associated doubling / halving time.
tab_date_region_all <- x %>%
filter(!is.na(nhs_region)) %>%
group_by(date, nhs_region) %>%
summarise(n = sum(count))
dth %>%
mutate(trusted = case_when(date_report < max(dth$date_report)-delay_max ~ "Y",
date_report >= max(dth$date_report)-delay_max ~ "N"),
value = "Deaths",
vline = max(dth$date_report)-delay_max-1,
lab = "Truncated for reporting delay",
lab_pos_x = vline + 10,
lab_pos_y = 150,
lab_col = "darkgrey") %>%
rename(date = date_report,
n = deaths) %>%
bind_rows(
mutate(tab_date_region_all, value = "Reports",
trusted = "Y",
vline = as.Date("2020-03-23"),
lab = "Start of UK lockdown",
lab_pos_x = vline - 8,
lab_pos_y = 30200,
lab_col = "black")
) %>%
mutate(value = factor(value, levels = c("Reports","Deaths"))) -> dths_reports
plot_dth_report <-
ggplot(dths_reports, aes(date, n, colour = nhs_region)) +
# Add main points and lines, coloured by region and fade out deaths for excluded period
geom_point(aes(alpha = trusted)) +
geom_line(alpha = 0.2) +
geom_smooth(method = "loess", span = .5, color = "black") +
scale_colour_manual("", values = pal) +
scale_alpha_manual(values = c(0.3,1)) +
guides(alpha = F) +
# Add vertical markers for important dates with labels - different for each facet
ggnewscale::new_scale_colour() +
geom_vline(aes(xintercept = vline, col = value), lty = "solid") +
geom_text(aes(x = lab_pos_x, y = lab_pos_y, label = lab, col = value), size = 3) +
scale_colour_manual("",values = c("black","darkgrey"), guide = F) +
# Facet by deaths and reports
facet_grid(rows = vars(value), scales = "free_y", switch = "y") +
# Other formatting
theme_bw() +
scale_weeks +
theme(legend.position = "bottom",strip.placement = "outside") +
rotate_x +
labs(x = NULL,
y = NULL)
plot_dth_reportWe plot the number of 111/999 calls and 111 online reports by age, and the proportion of 111/999 calls and 111 online reports by age. In the second graph, the vertical lines indicate the proportion of individuals residing in the corresponding NHS region who belong to the corresponding age group.
tab_date_region_age_all <- x %>%
filter(!is.na(nhs_region),
age != "missing") %>%
group_by(date, nhs_region, age) %>%
summarise(n = sum(count))
tab_date_region_age_all %>%
ggplot(aes(x = date, y = n, fill = age)) +
geom_col(position = "stack") +
scale_fill_manual(values = age.pal) +
theme_bw() +
scale_weeks +
theme(legend.position = "bottom",
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, hjust = 1)) +
guides(fill = guide_legend(title = "Age", ncol = 3)) +
labs(x = NULL,
y = "Total daily reports by age") +
facet_wrap(~ nhs_region, ncol = 4)
tab_date_region_age_all <- tab_date_region_age_all %>%
group_by(date, nhs_region) %>%
summarise(tot = sum(n)) %>%
left_join(tab_date_region_age_all, by = c("date", "nhs_region")) %>%
mutate(prop_n = n/tot)
tab_date_region_age_all %>%
ggplot(aes(x = date, y = prop_n, color = age)) +
scale_color_manual(values = age.pal) +
geom_line() +
geom_point() +
geom_hline(data = nhs_region_pop, aes(yintercept = value, color = variable)) +
theme_bw() +
scale_weeks +
theme(legend.position = "bottom",
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, hjust = 1)) +
guides(color = guide_legend(title = "Age", ncol = 3)) +
labs(x = NULL,
y = "Proportion of daily reports by age") +
facet_wrap(~ nhs_region, ncol = 4)We fit quasi-Poisson GLMs for 14-day windows to get growth rates over time.
## set moving time window (1/2/3 weeks)
w <- 14
# create empty df
r_all_sliding <- NULL
## make data for model
x_model_all_moving <- x %>%
filter(!is.na(nhs_region)) %>%
group_by(date, nhs_region) %>%
summarise(n = sum(count))
unique_dates <- unique(x_model_all_moving$date)
for (i in 1:(length(unique_dates) - w)) {
date_i <- unique_dates[i]
date_i_max <- date_i + w
model_data <- x_model_all_moving %>%
filter(date >= date_i & date < date_i_max) %>%
mutate(day = as.integer(date - date_i)) %>%
day_of_week()
mod <- glm(n ~ day * nhs_region + day_of_week,
data = model_data,
family = 'quasipoisson')
# get growth rate
r <- get_r(mod)
r$w_min <- date_i
r$w_max <- date_i_max
# combine all estimates
r_all_sliding <- bind_rows(r_all_sliding, r)
}
#serial interval distribution
SI_param = epitrix::gamma_mucv2shapescale(4.7, 2.9/4.7)
SI_distribution <- distcrete::distcrete("gamma", interval = 1,
shape = SI_param$shape,
scale = SI_param$scale,
w = 0.5)
#convert growth rates r to R0
r_all_sliding <- r_all_sliding %>%
mutate(R = epitrix::r2R0(r, SI_distribution),
R_lower_95 = epitrix::r2R0(lower_95, SI_distribution),
R_upper_95 = epitrix::r2R0(upper_95, SI_distribution))We examine the evolution of the growth rate by region over time.
# plot
plot_growth <-
r_all_sliding %>%
ggplot(aes(x = w_max, y = r)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = lower_95, ymax = upper_95, fill = nhs_region), alpha = 0.1) +
geom_line(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_point(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed") +
theme_bw() +
scale_weeks +
theme(legend.position = "bottom",
plot.margin = margin(0.5,1,0.5,0.5, "cm")) +
guides(colour = guide_legend(title = "", override.aes = list(fill = NA)), fill = FALSE) +
labs(x = "",
y = "Estimated daily growth rate (r)") +
scale_colour_manual(values = pal)From the growth rate, we derive R and examine its value through time.
# plot
plot_R <-
r_all_sliding %>%
ggplot(aes(x = w_max, y = R)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = R_lower_95, ymax = R_upper_95, fill = nhs_region), alpha = 0.1) +
geom_line(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_point(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 1, linetype = "dashed") +
theme_bw() +
scale_weeks +
theme(legend.position = "bottom",
plot.margin = margin(0.5,1,0.5,0.5, "cm")) +
guides(color = guide_legend(title = "", override.aes = list(fill = NA)), fill = FALSE) +
labs(x = "",
y = "Estimated effective reproduction\nnumber (Re)") +
scale_colour_manual(values = pal)
R <- r_all_sliding %>%
mutate(lower_95 = R_lower_95,
upper_95 = R_upper_95,
value = R,
measure = "R",
reference = 1)
r_R <- r_all_sliding %>%
mutate(measure = "r",
value = r,
reference = 0) %>%
bind_rows(R)
r_R %>%
ggplot(aes(x = w_max, y = value)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = lower_95, ymax = upper_95, fill = nhs_region), alpha = 0.1) +
geom_line(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_point(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_hline(aes(yintercept = reference), linetype = "dashed") +
theme_bw() +
scale_weeks +
rotate_x +
theme(legend.position = "bottom",
plot.margin = margin(0.5,1,0,0, "cm"),
strip.background = element_blank(),
# strip.text.x = element_blank(),
strip.placement = "outside"
) +
guides(color = guide_legend(title = "",
override.aes = list(fill = NA)),
fill = FALSE) +
labs(x = "", y = "") +
scale_colour_manual(values = pal) +
facet_grid(rows = vars(measure),
scales = "free_y",
switch = "y",
labeller = as_labeller(c(r = "Daily growth rate (r)",
R = "Effective reproduction\nnumber (Re)")))We repeat the above analysis, where we fit quasi-Poisson GLMs for 14-day windows to get growth rates over time, but apply this to each age group separately (0-18, 19-69, 70-120 years old).
We first run the analysis for 0-18 years old.
## set moving time window (2 weeks)
w <- 14
# create empty df
r_all_sliding_0_18 <- NULL
## make data for model
x_model_all_moving_0_18 <- x %>%
filter(!is.na(nhs_region),
age == "0-18") %>%
group_by(date, nhs_region) %>%
summarise(n = sum(count))
unique_dates <- unique(x_model_all_moving_0_18$date)
for (i in 1:(length(unique_dates) - w)) {
date_i <- unique_dates[i]
date_i_max <- date_i + w
model_data <- x_model_all_moving_0_18 %>%
filter(date >= date_i & date < date_i_max) %>%
mutate(day = as.integer(date - date_i)) %>%
day_of_week()
mod <- glm(n ~ day * nhs_region + day_of_week,
data = model_data,
family = 'quasipoisson')
# get growth rate
r <- get_r(mod)
r$w_min <- date_i
r$w_max <- date_i_max
# combine all estimates
r_all_sliding_0_18 <- bind_rows(r_all_sliding_0_18, r)
}
#serial interval distribution
SI_param = epitrix::gamma_mucv2shapescale(4.7, 2.9/4.7)
SI_distribution <- distcrete::distcrete("gamma", interval = 1,
shape = SI_param$shape,
scale = SI_param$scale, w = 0.5)
#convert growth rates r to R0
r_all_sliding_0_18 <- r_all_sliding_0_18 %>%
mutate(R = epitrix::r2R0(r, SI_distribution),
R_lower_95 = epitrix::r2R0(lower_95, SI_distribution),
R_upper_95 = epitrix::r2R0(upper_95, SI_distribution))# plot
plot_growth <-
r_all_sliding_0_18 %>%
ggplot(aes(x = w_max, y = r)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = lower_95, ymax = upper_95, fill = nhs_region), alpha = 0.1) +
geom_line(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_point(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed") +
theme_bw() +
scale_weeks +
theme(legend.position = "bottom",
plot.margin = margin(0.5,1,0.5,0.5, "cm")) +
guides(colour = guide_legend(title = "",override.aes = list(fill = NA)), fill = FALSE) +
labs(x = "",
y = "Estimated daily growth rate (r)"
) +
scale_colour_manual(values = pal)# plot
plot_R <-
r_all_sliding_0_18 %>%
ggplot(aes(x = w_max, y = R)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = R_lower_95, ymax = R_upper_95, fill = nhs_region), alpha = 0.1) +
geom_line(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_point(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 1, linetype = "dashed") +
theme_bw() +
scale_weeks +
theme(legend.position = "bottom",
plot.margin = margin(0.5,1,0.5,0.5, "cm")) +
guides(color = guide_legend(title = "", override.aes = list(fill = NA)), fill = FALSE) +
labs(x = "",
y = "Estimated effective reproduction\nnumber (Re)"
) +
scale_colour_manual(values = pal)
R <- r_all_sliding_0_18 %>%
mutate(lower_95 = R_lower_95,
upper_95 = R_upper_95,
value = R,
measure = "R",
reference = 1)
r_R <- r_all_sliding_0_18 %>%
mutate(measure = "r",
value = r,
reference = 0) %>%
bind_rows(R)
fig2_3_0_18 <- r_R %>%
ggplot(aes(x = w_max, y = value)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = lower_95, ymax = upper_95, fill = nhs_region), alpha = 0.1) +
geom_line(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_point(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_hline(aes(yintercept = reference), linetype = "dashed") +
theme_bw() +
scale_weeks +
theme(legend.position = "bottom",
plot.margin = margin(0.5,1,0,0, "cm"),
strip.background = element_blank(),
strip.placement = "outside"
) +
guides(color = guide_legend(title = "", override.aes = list(fill = NA)), fill = FALSE) +
labs(x = "", y = "") +
scale_colour_manual(values = pal) +
facet_grid(rows = vars(measure),
scales = "free_y",
switch = "y",
labeller = as_labeller(c(r = "Daily growth rate (r)",
R = "Effective reproduction\nnumber (Re)")))Then, we run the analysis for 19-69 years old.
## set moving time window (2 weeks)
w <- 14
# create empty df
r_all_sliding_19_69 <- NULL
## make data for model
x_model_all_moving_19_69 <- x %>%
filter(!is.na(nhs_region),
age == "19-69") %>%
group_by(date, nhs_region) %>%
summarise(n = sum(count))
unique_dates <- unique(x_model_all_moving_19_69$date)
for (i in 1:(length(unique_dates) - w)) {
date_i <- unique_dates[i]
date_i_max <- date_i + w
model_data <- x_model_all_moving_19_69 %>%
filter(date >= date_i & date < date_i_max) %>%
mutate(day = as.integer(date - date_i)) %>%
day_of_week()
mod <- glm(n ~ day * nhs_region + day_of_week,
data = model_data,
family = 'quasipoisson')
# get growth rate
r <- get_r(mod)
r$w_min <- date_i
r$w_max <- date_i_max
# combine all estimates
r_all_sliding_19_69 <- bind_rows(r_all_sliding_19_69, r)
}
#serial interval distribution
SI_param = epitrix::gamma_mucv2shapescale(4.7, 2.9/4.7)
SI_distribution <- distcrete::distcrete("gamma", interval = 1,
shape = SI_param$shape,
scale = SI_param$scale, w = 0.5)
#convert growth rates r to R0
r_all_sliding_19_69 <- r_all_sliding_19_69 %>%
mutate(R = epitrix::r2R0(r, SI_distribution),
R_lower_95 = epitrix::r2R0(lower_95, SI_distribution),
R_upper_95 = epitrix::r2R0(upper_95, SI_distribution))# plot
plot_growth <-
r_all_sliding_19_69 %>%
ggplot(aes(x = w_max, y = r)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = lower_95, ymax = upper_95, fill = nhs_region), alpha = 0.1) +
geom_line(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_point(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed") +
theme_bw() +
scale_weeks +
theme(legend.position = "bottom",
plot.margin = margin(0.5,1,0.5,0.5, "cm")) +
guides(colour = guide_legend(title = "", override.aes = list(fill = NA)), fill = FALSE) +
labs(x = "",
y = "Estimated daily growth rate (r)") +
scale_colour_manual(values = pal)# plot
plot_R <-
r_all_sliding_19_69 %>%
ggplot(aes(x = w_max, y = R)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = R_lower_95, ymax = R_upper_95, fill = nhs_region), alpha = 0.1) +
geom_line(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_point(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 1, linetype = "dashed") +
theme_bw() +
scale_weeks +
theme(legend.position = "bottom",
plot.margin = margin(0.5,1,0.5,0.5, "cm")) +
guides(color = guide_legend(title = "", override.aes = list(fill = NA)), fill = FALSE) +
labs(x = "",
y = "Estimated effective reproduction\nnumber (Re)"
) +
scale_colour_manual(values = pal)
R <- r_all_sliding_19_69 %>%
mutate(lower_95 = R_lower_95,
upper_95 = R_upper_95,
value = R,
measure = "R",
reference = 1)
r_R <- r_all_sliding_19_69 %>%
mutate(measure = "r",
value = r,
reference = 0) %>%
bind_rows(R)
fig2_3_19_69 <- r_R %>%
ggplot(aes(x = w_max, y = value)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = lower_95, ymax = upper_95, fill = nhs_region), alpha = 0.1) +
geom_line(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_point(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_hline(aes(yintercept = reference), linetype = "dashed") +
theme_bw() +
scale_weeks +
theme(legend.position = "bottom",
plot.margin = margin(0.5,1,0,0, "cm"),
strip.background = element_blank(),
strip.placement = "outside"
) +
guides(color = guide_legend(title = "", override.aes = list(fill = NA)), fill = FALSE) +
labs(x = "", y = "") +
scale_colour_manual(values = pal) +
facet_grid(rows = vars(measure),
scales = "free_y",
switch = "y",
labeller = as_labeller(c(r = "Daily growth rate (r)",
R = "Effective reproduction\nnumber (Re)")))Finally, we run the analysis for 70-120 years old.
## set moving time window (2 weeks)
w <- 14
# create empty df
r_all_sliding_70_120 <- NULL
## make data for model
x_model_all_moving_70_120 <- x %>%
filter(!is.na(nhs_region),
age == "70-120") %>%
group_by(date, nhs_region) %>%
summarise(n = sum(count))
unique_dates <- unique(x_model_all_moving_70_120$date)
for (i in 1:(length(unique_dates) - w)) {
date_i <- unique_dates[i]
date_i_max <- date_i + w
model_data <- x_model_all_moving_70_120 %>%
filter(date >= date_i & date < date_i_max) %>%
mutate(day = as.integer(date - date_i)) %>%
day_of_week()
mod <- glm(n ~ day * nhs_region + day_of_week,
data = model_data,
family = 'quasipoisson')
# get growth rate
r <- get_r(mod)
r$w_min <- date_i
r$w_max <- date_i_max
# combine all estimates
r_all_sliding_70_120 <- bind_rows(r_all_sliding_70_120, r)
}
#serial interval distribution
SI_param = epitrix::gamma_mucv2shapescale(4.7, 2.9/4.7)
SI_distribution <- distcrete::distcrete("gamma", interval = 1,
shape = SI_param$shape,
scale = SI_param$scale, w = 0.5)
#convert growth rates r to R0
r_all_sliding_70_120 <- r_all_sliding_70_120 %>%
mutate(R = epitrix::r2R0(r, SI_distribution),
R_lower_95 = epitrix::r2R0(lower_95, SI_distribution),
R_upper_95 = epitrix::r2R0(upper_95, SI_distribution))# plot
plot_growth <-
r_all_sliding_70_120 %>%
ggplot(aes(x = w_max, y = r)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = lower_95, ymax = upper_95, fill = nhs_region), alpha = 0.1) +
geom_line(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_point(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed") +
theme_bw() +
scale_weeks +
theme(legend.position = "bottom",
plot.margin = margin(0.5,1,0.5,0.5, "cm")) +
guides(colour = guide_legend(title = "",override.aes = list(fill = NA)), fill = FALSE) +
labs(x = "",
y = "Estimated daily growth rate (r)"
) +
scale_colour_manual(values = pal)# plot
plot_R <-
r_all_sliding_70_120 %>%
ggplot(aes(x = w_max, y = R)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = R_lower_95, ymax = R_upper_95, fill = nhs_region), alpha = 0.1) +
geom_line(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_point(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 1, linetype = "dashed") +
theme_bw() +
scale_weeks +
theme(legend.position = "bottom",
plot.margin = margin(0.5,1,0.5,0.5, "cm")) +
guides(color = guide_legend(title = "", override.aes = list(fill = NA)), fill = FALSE) +
labs(x = "",
y = "Estimated effective reproduction\nnumber (Re)") +
scale_colour_manual(values = pal)
R <- r_all_sliding_70_120 %>%
mutate(lower_95 = R_lower_95,
upper_95 = R_upper_95,
value = R,
measure = "R",
reference = 1)
r_R <- r_all_sliding_70_120 %>%
mutate(measure = "r",
value = r,
reference = 0) %>%
bind_rows(R)
fig2_3_70_120 <- r_R %>%
ggplot(aes(x = w_max, y = value)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = lower_95, ymax = upper_95, fill = nhs_region), alpha = 0.1) +
geom_line(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_point(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_hline(aes(yintercept = reference), linetype = "dashed") +
theme_bw() +
scale_weeks +
theme(legend.position = "bottom",
plot.margin = margin(0.5,1,0,0, "cm"),
strip.background = element_blank(),
strip.placement = "outside"
) +
guides(color = guide_legend(title = "", override.aes = list(fill = NA)), fill = FALSE) +
labs(x = "", y = "") +
scale_colour_manual(values = pal) +
facet_grid(rows = vars(measure),
scales = "free_y",
switch = "y",
labeller = as_labeller(c(r = "Daily growth rate (r)",
R = "Effective reproduction\nnumber (Re)"))) We combine the estimated growth rates and effective reproduction numbers into a single figure.
ggpubr::ggarrange(fig2_3_0_18,
fig2_3_19_69,
fig2_3_70_120,
nrow = 3,
labels = "AUTO",
common.legend = TRUE,
legend = "bottom",
align = "hv") We want to explore the correlation between NHS Pathways reports and deaths, and assess the potential for reports to be used as an early warning system for disease resurgence.
Death data are publically available. We truncate the time series to avoid bias from reporting delay - we assume a conservative delay of three weeks.
We calculate Pearson’s correlation coefficient between deaths and NHS Pathways notifications using different lags. Confidence intervals are obtained using bootstrap. Note that results were also confirmed using Spearman’s rank correlation.
First we join the NHS Pathways and death data, and aggregate over all England:
## truncate death data for reporting delay
trunc_date <- max(dth$date_report) - delay_max
dth_trunc <- dth %>%
rename(date = date_report) %>%
filter(date <= trunc_date)
## join with notification data
all_data <- x %>%
filter(!is.na(nhs_region)) %>%
group_by(date, nhs_region) %>%
summarise(count = sum(count, na.rm = T)) %>%
ungroup %>%
inner_join(dth_trunc,
by = c("date","nhs_region"))
all_tot <- all_data %>%
group_by(date) %>%
summarise(count = sum(count, na.rm = TRUE),
deaths = sum(deaths, na.rm = TRUE)) We calculate correlation with lagged NHS Pathways reports from 0 to 30 days behind deaths:
## Calculate all correlations + bootstrap CIs
lag_cor <- data.frame()
for (i in 0:30) {
## lag reports
summary <- all_tot %>%
mutate(note_lag = lag(count, i)) %>%
## calculate rank correlation and bootstrap CI
getboot(.) %>%
mutate(lag = i)
lag_cor <- bind_rows(lag_cor, summary)
}
cor_vs_lag <- ggplot(lag_cor, aes(lag, r)) +
theme_bw() +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = r_low, ymax = r_hi), alpha = 0.2) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, lty = "longdash") +
geom_point() +
geom_line() +
labs(x = "Lag between NHS pathways and death data (days)",
y = "Pearson's correlation") +
large_txt
cor_vs_lagThis analysis suggests that the best lag is 23 days. We then compare and plot the number of deaths reported against the number of NHS Pathways reports lagged by 23 days.
all_tot <- all_tot %>%
rename(date_death = date) %>%
mutate(note_lag = lag(count, lag_cor$lag[l_opt]),
note_lag_c = (note_lag - mean(note_lag, na.rm = T)),
date_note = lag(date_death,16))
lag_mod <- glm(deaths ~ note_lag, data = all_tot, family = "quasipoisson")
summary(lag_mod)
##
## Call:
## glm(formula = deaths ~ note_lag, family = "quasipoisson", data = all_tot)
##
## Deviance Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -14.3903 -4.9377 -0.5171 3.8610 9.1864
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 4.497e+00 6.868e-02 65.48 <2e-16 ***
## note_lag 1.535e-05 7.169e-07 21.41 <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## (Dispersion parameter for quasipoisson family taken to be 28.70717)
##
## Null deviance: 14436.2 on 84 degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 2555.3 on 83 degrees of freedom
## (23 observations deleted due to missingness)
## AIC: NA
##
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 4
exp(coefficients(lag_mod))
## (Intercept) note_lag
## 89.721252 1.000015
exp(confint(lag_mod))
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 78.240058 102.419038
## note_lag 1.000014 1.000017
Rsq(lag_mod)
## [1] 0.822996
mod_fit <- as.data.frame(predict(lag_mod, type = "link", se.fit = TRUE)[1:2])
all_tot_pred <-
all_tot %>%
filter(!is.na(note_lag)) %>%
mutate(pred = mod_fit$fit,
pred.se = mod_fit$se.fit,
low = exp(pred - 1.96*pred.se),
hi = exp(pred + 1.96*pred.se))
glm_fit <- all_tot_pred %>%
filter(!is.na(note_lag)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = note_lag, y = deaths)) +
geom_point() +
geom_line(aes(y = exp(pred))) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = low, ymax = hi), alpha = 0.3, col = "grey") +
theme_bw() +
labs(y = "Daily number of\ndeaths reported",
x = "Daily number of NHS Pathways reports") +
large_txt
glm_fitThis is a comparison of gamma versus lognormal distribution for the serial interval used to convert r to R in our analysis. Both distributions are parameterised with mean 4.7 and standard deviation 2.9.
SI_param <- epitrix::gamma_mucv2shapescale(4.7, 2.9/4.7)
SI_distribution <- distcrete::distcrete("gamma", interval = 1,
shape = SI_param$shape,
scale = SI_param$scale, w = 0.5)
SI_distribution2 <- distcrete::distcrete("lnorm", interval = 1,
meanlog = log(4.7),
sdlog = log(2.9), w = 0.5)
SI_dist1 <- data.frame(x = SI_distribution$r(1e5))
SI_dist1 <- count(SI_dist1, x) %>%
ggplot() +
geom_col(aes(x = x, y = n)) +
labs(x = "Serial interval (days)", y = "Frequency") +
scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(0, 30, 5)) +
theme_bw()
SI_dist2 <- data.frame(x = SI_distribution2$r(1e5))
SI_dist2 <- count(SI_dist2, x) %>%
ggplot() +
geom_col(aes(x = x, y = n)) +
labs(x = "Serial interval (days)", y = "Frequency") +
scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(0, 200, 20), limits = c(0, 200)) +
theme_bw()
ggpubr::ggarrange(SI_dist1,
SI_dist2,
nrow = 1,
labels = "AUTO") We reproduce the window analysis with either a 7 or 21 days window for sensitivity purposes.
First with the 7 days window:
## set moving time window (1/2/3 weeks)
w <- 7
# create empty df
r_all_sliding_7days <- NULL
## make data for model
x_model_all_moving <- x %>%
filter(!is.na(nhs_region)) %>%
group_by(date, nhs_region) %>%
summarise(n = sum(count))
unique_dates <- unique(x_model_all_moving$date)
for (i in 1:(length(unique_dates) - w)) {
date_i <- unique_dates[i]
date_i_max <- date_i + w
model_data <- x_model_all_moving %>%
filter(date >= date_i & date < date_i_max) %>%
mutate(day = as.integer(date - date_i)) %>%
day_of_week()
mod <- glm(n ~ day * nhs_region + day_of_week,
data = model_data,
family = 'quasipoisson')
# get growth rate
r <- get_r(mod)
r$w_min <- date_i
r$w_max <- date_i_max
# combine all estimates
r_all_sliding_7days <- bind_rows(r_all_sliding_7days, r)
}
#serial interval distribution
SI_param = epitrix::gamma_mucv2shapescale(4.7, 2.9/4.7)
SI_distribution <- distcrete::distcrete("gamma", interval = 1,
shape = SI_param$shape,
scale = SI_param$scale,
w = 0.5)
#convert growth rates r to R0
r_all_sliding_7days <- r_all_sliding_7days %>%
mutate(R = epitrix::r2R0(r, SI_distribution),
R_lower_95 = epitrix::r2R0(lower_95, SI_distribution),
R_upper_95 = epitrix::r2R0(upper_95, SI_distribution))# plot
plot_growth <-
r_all_sliding_7days %>%
ggplot(aes(x = w_max, y = r)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = lower_95, ymax = upper_95, fill = nhs_region), alpha = 0.1) +
geom_line(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_point(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed") +
theme_bw() +
scale_weeks +
theme(legend.position = "bottom",
plot.margin = margin(0.5,1,0.5,0.5, "cm")) +
guides(colour = guide_legend(title = "",override.aes = list(fill = NA)), fill = FALSE) +
labs(x = "",
y = "Estimated daily growth rate (r)") +
scale_colour_manual(values = pal)plot_R <- r_all_sliding_7days %>%
ggplot(aes(x = w_max, y = R)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = R_lower_95, ymax = R_upper_95, fill = nhs_region), alpha = 0.1) +
geom_line(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_point(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 1, linetype = "dashed") +
theme_bw() +
scale_weeks +
theme(legend.position = "bottom",
plot.margin = margin(0.5,1,0.5,0.5, "cm")) +
guides(color = guide_legend(title = "", override.aes = list(fill = NA)), fill = FALSE) +
labs(x = "",
y = "Estimated effective reproduction\nnumber (Re)") +
scale_colour_manual(values = pal)
R <- r_all_sliding_7days %>%
mutate(lower_95 = R_lower_95,
upper_95 = R_upper_95,
value = R,
measure = "R",
reference = 1)
r_R <- r_all_sliding_7days %>%
mutate(measure = "r",
value = r,
reference = 0) %>%
bind_rows(R)
r_R_7 <- r_R %>%
ggplot(aes(x = w_max, y = value)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = lower_95, ymax = upper_95, fill = nhs_region), alpha = 0.1) +
geom_line(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_point(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_hline(aes(yintercept = reference), linetype = "dashed") +
theme_bw() +
scale_weeks +
theme(legend.position = "bottom",
plot.margin = margin(0.5,1,0,0, "cm"),
strip.background = element_blank(),
strip.placement = "outside"
) +
guides(color = guide_legend(title = "", override.aes = list(fill = NA)), fill = FALSE) +
labs(x = "", y = "") +
scale_colour_manual(values = pal) +
facet_grid(rows = vars(measure),
scales = "free_y",
switch = "y",
labeller = as_labeller(c(r = "Daily growth rate (r)",
R = "Effective reproduction\nnumber (Re)")))Then with the 21 days window:
## set moving time window (1/2/3 weeks)
w <- 21
# create empty df
r_all_sliding_21days <- NULL
## make data for model
x_model_all_moving <- x %>%
filter(!is.na(nhs_region)) %>%
group_by(date, nhs_region) %>%
summarise(n = sum(count))
unique_dates <- unique(x_model_all_moving$date)
for (i in 1:(length(unique_dates) - w)) {
date_i <- unique_dates[i]
date_i_max <- date_i + w
model_data <- x_model_all_moving %>%
filter(date >= date_i & date < date_i_max) %>%
mutate(day = as.integer(date - date_i)) %>%
day_of_week()
mod <- glm(n ~ day * nhs_region + day_of_week,
data = model_data,
family = 'quasipoisson')
# get growth rate
r <- get_r(mod)
r$w_min <- date_i
r$w_max <- date_i_max
# combine all estimates
r_all_sliding_21days <- bind_rows(r_all_sliding_21days, r)
}
#serial interval distribution
SI_param = epitrix::gamma_mucv2shapescale(4.7, 2.9/4.7)
SI_distribution <- distcrete::distcrete("gamma", interval = 1,
shape = SI_param$shape,
scale = SI_param$scale,
w = 0.5)
#convert growth rates r to R0
r_all_sliding_21days <- r_all_sliding_21days %>%
mutate(R = epitrix::r2R0(r, SI_distribution),
R_lower_95 = epitrix::r2R0(lower_95, SI_distribution),
R_upper_95 = epitrix::r2R0(upper_95, SI_distribution))# plot
plot_growth <-
r_all_sliding_21days %>%
ggplot(aes(x = w_max, y = r)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = lower_95, ymax = upper_95, fill = nhs_region), alpha = 0.1) +
geom_line(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_point(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed") +
theme_bw() +
scale_weeks +
theme(legend.position = "bottom",
plot.margin = margin(0.5,1,0.5,0.5, "cm")) +
guides(colour = guide_legend(title = "",override.aes = list(fill = NA)), fill = FALSE) +
labs(x = "",
y = "Estimated daily growth rate (r)") +
scale_colour_manual(values = pal)# plot
plot_R <-
r_all_sliding_21days %>%
ggplot(aes(x = w_max, y = R)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = R_lower_95, ymax = R_upper_95, fill = nhs_region), alpha = 0.1) +
geom_line(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_point(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 1, linetype = "dashed") +
theme_bw() +
scale_weeks +
theme(legend.position = "bottom",
plot.margin = margin(0.5,1,0.5,0.5, "cm")) +
guides(color = guide_legend(title = "", override.aes = list(fill = NA)), fill = FALSE) +
labs(x = "",
y = "Estimated effective reproduction\nnumber (Re)") +
scale_colour_manual(values = pal)
R <- r_all_sliding_21days %>%
mutate(lower_95 = R_lower_95,
upper_95 = R_upper_95,
value = R,
measure = "R",
reference = 1)
r_R <- r_all_sliding_21days %>%
mutate(measure = "r",
value = r,
reference = 0) %>%
bind_rows(R)
r_R_21 <- r_R %>%
ggplot(aes(x = w_max, y = value)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = lower_95, ymax = upper_95, fill = nhs_region), alpha = 0.1) +
geom_line(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_point(aes(colour = nhs_region)) +
geom_hline(aes(yintercept = reference), linetype = "dashed") +
theme_bw() +
scale_weeks +
theme(legend.position = "bottom",
plot.margin = margin(0.5,1,0,0, "cm"),
strip.background = element_blank(),
strip.placement = "outside"
) +
guides(color = guide_legend(title = "", override.aes = list(fill = NA)), fill = FALSE) +
labs(x = "", y = "") +
scale_colour_manual(values = pal) +
facet_grid(rows = vars(measure),
scales = "free_y",
switch = "y",
labeller = as_labeller(c(r = "Daily growth rate (r)",
R = "Effective reproduction\nnumber (Re)")))And we combine both outputs into a single plot:
ggpubr::ggarrange(r_R_7,
r_R_21,
nrow = 2,
labels = "AUTO",
common.legend = TRUE,
legend = "bottom")
lag_cor_reg <- data.frame()
for (i in 0:30) {
summary <-
all_data %>%
group_by(nhs_region) %>%
mutate(note_lag = lag(count, i)) %>%
## calculate rank correlation and bootstrap CI for each region
group_modify(~getboot(.x)) %>%
mutate(lag = i)
lag_cor_reg <- bind_rows(lag_cor_reg, summary)
}
cor_vs_lag_reg <-
lag_cor_reg %>%
ggplot(aes(lag, r, col = nhs_region)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, lty = "longdash") +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = r_low, ymax = r_hi, col = NULL, fill = nhs_region), alpha = 0.2) +
geom_point() +
geom_line() +
facet_wrap(~nhs_region) +
scale_color_manual(values = pal) +
scale_fill_manual(values = pal, guide = F) +
theme_bw() +
labs(x = "Lag between NHS pathways and death data (days)", y = "Pearson's correlation", col = "NHS region") +
theme(legend.position = "bottom") +
guides(color = guide_legend(override.aes = list(fill = NA)))
cor_vs_lag_regWe save the tables created during our analysis:
if (!dir.exists("excel_tables")) {
dir.create("excel_tables")
}
## list all tables, and loop over export
tables_to_export <- c("r_all_sliding", "lag_cor")
for (e in tables_to_export) {
rio::export(get(e),
file.path("excel_tables",
paste0(e, ".xlsx")))
}
## also export result from regression on lagged data
rio::export(lag_mod, file.path("excel_tables", "lag_mod.rds"))The following information documents the system on which the document was compiled.
This provides information on the operating system.
This provides information on the version of R used:
This provides information on the packages used:
sessionInfo()
## R version 4.0.2 (2020-06-22)
## Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin17.0 (64-bit)
## Running under: macOS Catalina 10.15.6
##
## Matrix products: default
## BLAS: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.0/Resources/lib/libRblas.dylib
## LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.0/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib
##
## locale:
## [1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8
##
## attached base packages:
## [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
##
## other attached packages:
## [1] ggnewscale_0.4.1 ggpubr_0.4.0 lubridate_1.7.9
## [4] chngpt_2020.5-21 cyphr_1.1.0 DT_0.14
## [7] kableExtra_1.1.0 janitor_2.0.1 remotes_2.2.0
## [10] projections_0.5.1 earlyR_0.0.1 epitrix_0.2.2
## [13] distcrete_1.0.3 incidence_1.7.2 rio_0.5.16
## [16] reshape2_1.4.4 rvest_0.3.6 xml2_1.3.2
## [19] linelist_0.0.40.9000 forcats_0.5.0 stringr_1.4.0
## [22] dplyr_1.0.0 purrr_0.3.4 readr_1.3.1
## [25] tidyr_1.1.0 tibble_3.0.3 ggplot2_3.3.2
## [28] tidyverse_1.3.0 here_0.1 reportfactory_0.0.5
##
## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
## [1] nlme_3.1-148 fs_1.4.2 webshot_0.5.2 httr_1.4.2
## [5] rprojroot_1.3-2 tools_4.0.2 backports_1.1.8 utf8_1.1.4
## [9] R6_2.4.1 mgcv_1.8-31 DBI_1.1.0 colorspace_1.4-1
## [13] withr_2.2.0 gridExtra_2.3 tidyselect_1.1.0 sodium_1.1
## [17] curl_4.3 compiler_4.0.2 cli_2.0.2 labeling_0.3
## [21] matchmaker_0.1.1 scales_1.1.1 digest_0.6.25 foreign_0.8-80
## [25] rmarkdown_2.3 pkgconfig_2.0.3 htmltools_0.5.0 dbplyr_1.4.4
## [29] htmlwidgets_1.5.1 rlang_0.4.7 readxl_1.3.1 rstudioapi_0.11
## [33] farver_2.0.3 generics_0.0.2 jsonlite_1.7.0 crosstalk_1.1.0.1
## [37] car_3.0-8 zip_2.0.4 magrittr_1.5 kyotil_2019.11-22
## [41] Matrix_1.2-18 Rcpp_1.0.5 munsell_0.5.0 fansi_0.4.1
## [45] viridis_0.5.1 abind_1.4-5 lifecycle_0.2.0 stringi_1.4.6
## [49] yaml_2.2.1 carData_3.0-4 snakecase_0.11.0 MASS_7.3-51.6
## [53] plyr_1.8.6 grid_4.0.2 blob_1.2.1 crayon_1.3.4
## [57] lattice_0.20-41 cowplot_1.0.0 splines_4.0.2 haven_2.3.1
## [61] hms_0.5.3 knitr_1.29 pillar_1.4.6 boot_1.3-25
## [65] ggsignif_0.6.0 reprex_0.3.0 glue_1.4.1 evaluate_0.14
## [69] data.table_1.13.0 modelr_0.1.8 vctrs_0.3.2 selectr_0.4-2
## [73] cellranger_1.1.0 gtable_0.3.0 assertthat_0.2.1 xfun_0.16
## [77] openxlsx_4.1.5 broom_0.7.0 rstatix_0.6.0 survival_3.1-12
## [81] viridisLite_0.3.0 ellipsis_0.3.1